1 Water in Living Systems 2 The Biochemical Nature of the Cell 3 Nucleotides 4 Nucleic Acids 5 Amino Acids Make Up Proteins 6 Protein Structure is Hierarchical 7 Protein Shape is Related to Function 8 Comparing Fibrous and Globular Proteins 9 Carbohydrate Chemistry 10 Condensation and Hydrolysis of Sugars 11 Polysccharides 12 Cellulose and Starch 13 Lipids 14 Phospholipids 15 Personal Progress Check

16 Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells 17 Looking at Cells 18 Animal Cells 19 Plant Cells 20 Cell Structures and Organelles 21 A Closer Look at Chloroplasts and Mitochondria 22 Cell Sizes 23 Limitations to Cell Size 24 Surface Area and Cell Size 25 Efficient Exchanges with the Environment 26 The Structure of Membranes 27 Factors Affecting Membrane Permeability 28 The Role of the Cell Wall 29 Passive Transport 30 Diffusion and Osmosis in a Cell 31 Water Relations in Plant Cells 32 Solute Potential and Cells 33 Osmosis in Potato Cells 34 Active Transport 35 Ion Pumps 36 Cytosis 37 Compartments in Cells 38 Origins of Cellular Compartments 39 Personal Progress Check

40 The Properties of Enzymes 41 How Enzymes Work 42 Denaturation 43 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 44 Enzyme Inhibitors 45 Investigating Enzyme Activity 46 Energy in Living Systems 47 Energy Transformations in Cells 48 Origin of Eukaryotic Photosynthesis 49 Photosynthesis 50 Pigments and Light Absorption 51 Light Dependent Reactions 52 Light Independent Reactions 53 Investigating Photosynthesis 54 Pathways for Obtaining Energy 55 Cellular Respiration Overview 56 The Biochemistry of Respiration 57 Chemiosmosis and the Proton Motive Force 58 Investigating Cellular Respiration 59 Anaerobic Pathways for ATP Production 60 Variation at the Molecular Level 61 Personal Progress Check

62 Types of Cell Signaling 63 Cell to Cell Communication 64 Communication Over Short and Long Distances 65 Signals and Signal Transduction 66 Types of Signal Transduction 67 Signal Transduction and Environment 68 Changes in Signal Transduction Pathways 69 Feedback 70 Cell Division 71 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle 72 The Outcome of Mitosis 73 Mitosis and Cytokinesis 74 Modeling Mitosis 75 The Effect of Environment on Mitosis 76 Regulation of the Cell Cycle 77 Defective Gene Regulation in Cancer 78 Analyzing the Effects of Cell Cycle Errors 79 Personal Progress Check

80 Meiosis 81 Modeling Meiosis 82 Mitosis vs Meiosis 83 What Do Shared Conserved Processes Tell Us? 84 Principles of Mendelian Genetics 85 Basic Genetic Crosses 86 Probability 87 Using Pedigrees to Analyze Inheritance Patterns 88 Recombination and Dihybrid Inheritance 89 Predicting the Outcomes of Genetic Crosses 90 Testing the Outcomes of Genetic Crosses 91 Non-Mendelian Inheritance 92 Codominance and Multiple Alleles 93 Incomplete Dominance 94 Lethal Alleles 95 Inheritance of Linked Genes 96 Mapping Chromosomes Using Linked Genes 97 Detecting Linkage in Dihybrid Inheritance 98 Sex Linkage 99 How Sex Determination Affects Inheritance 100 Multiple Genes 101 Non-nuclear inheritance 102 Environmental Effects on Phenotype 103 Variation and Phenotypic Plasticity 104 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 105 Chromosomal Inheritance and Human Disorders 106 Personal Progress Check

107 Genomes, Genes, and Alleles 108 Prokaryotic Chromosomes 109 Plasmid DNA 110 Eukaryotic Chromosomes 111 Creating a DNA Molecule 112 How Does DNA Replicate? 113 Enzyme Control of DNA Replication 114 What is Gene Expression? 115 What is the Genetic Code? 116 Transcription in Eukaryotes 117 mRNA Processing in Eukaryotes 118 Translation 119 Retroviruses: A Special Case in Information Flow 120 Structural and Regulatory Genes 121 Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression 122 Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression 123 Transcription Factors During Development 124 Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes 125 Eukaryotic Gene Structure and Regulation 126 Gene Expression and Phenotype 127 miRNA and Development 128 Mutations 129 Mutation and Phenotype 130 Changes to DNA 131 Changes to Chromosomes 132 Mutation, Variation, and Natural Selection 133 The Genetic Basis of Resistance in Bacteria 134 Recombining Genetic Material in Viruses 135 What is Genetic Engineering? 136 Gel Electrophoresis 137 Polymerase Chain Reaction 138 Bacterial Transformation and Gene Cloning 139 Aseptic Technique and Streak Plating 140 Testing for Transformation 141 DNA Analysis 142 Applications of Profiling 143 DNA Profiling Lab 144 GM Techniques in Agriculture and Medicine 145 GM Techniques and Bioinformatics 146 Personal Progress Check

147 A Pictorial History of Evolutionary Thought 148 Variation and Natural Selection 149 Adaptation and Fitness 150 Environment and Evolution 151 Natural Selection Acts on Phenotype 152 Selection Pressures in Populations 153 Phenotypic Variation and Fitness 154 Artificial Selection 155 Selection and population change 156 Artificial Selection in Crop Plants 157 Selection in Fast Plants 158 Convergence: The influence of the Environment 159 Microevolutionary Processes in Gene Pools 160 Changes in Gene Pool 161 Population Bottlenecks 162 The Founder Effect 163 Genetic Drift 164 Calculating Allele Frequencies in Populations 165 Analysis of a Squirrel Gene Pool 166 The Evidence for Evolution 167 Fossils 168 Methods for Dating Fossils 169 Relative Dating 170 Chronometric Dating 171 Homologous Structures 172 Vestigial Structures 173 Homologous Proteins 174 What Can Highly Conserved Proteins Tell Us? 175 Genomic Comparisons and Relatedness 176 Gene Duplication and Evolution 177 Descent and Common Ancestry 178 The Origins of Eukaryotes 179 Continuing Evolution: Galapagos Finches 180 Master Genes and Evolutionary Change 181 Continuous Change in the Fossil Record 182 Modern Drivers in Evolution 183 The Emergence of New Diseases 184 What is a Phylogenetic Tree? 185 The Phylogeny of Animals 186 Constructing Phylogenies Using Cladistics 187 Why Are Birds Dinosaurs 188 Constructing a Cladogram 189 What is a Species? 190 Patterns of Evolution 191 Divergence is an Evolutionary Pattern 192 Adaptive Radiation in Mammals 193 Allopatric Speciation 194 Sympatric Speciation 195 Habitat Fragmentation: Speciation and Extinction 196 Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms 197 Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms 198 Extinction 199 Causes of Mass Extinction 200 The Sixth Extinction 201 Diversity and Resilience 202 Investigating Molecular Diversity 203 The Origin of Life 204 Prebiotic Experiments 205 An RNA World 206 Landmarks in Earth's History 207 Personal Progress Check

208 Responding to Changes in the Environment 209 Timing and Coordination in Plants 210 Tropisms and Growth Responses 211 Plant Hormones as Signal Molecules 212 Photoperiodism in Plants 213 Investigating Plant Transpiration 214 Kineses 215 Taxes 216 Choice Chamber Investigations 217 Stimuli and Behavior 218 Plant Responses to Threats 219 Communication 220 Courtship and Mating Behaviors 221 Territories and Breeding Behavior 222 Herds, Flocks, and Schools 223 Cooperation and Survival 224 Honeybee Communication 225 Cooperation and Foraging Success 226 Cooperation and Improved Defense 227 Colony behaviour and Survival 228 Kin Selection 229 How Organisms Allocate Energy 230 Endothermy and Ectothermy 231 Energy and Seasonal Breeding 232 Reproductive Allocation and Parental Care 233 Metabolism and body size 234 Energy in Ecosystems 235 The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems 236 Investigating Trophic Efficiencies 237 The Dynamics of Populations 238 Exponential Population Growth 239 The Effect of Population Density: Logistic Growth 240 Community Structure and Diversity 241 Species Interactions and Community Structure 242 Energy and Community Structure 243 Ecosystem Diversity and Resilience 244 The Role of Keystone Species 245 Adaptation and Environmental Change 246 Invasive species and Community Change 247 Human Activity and Ecosystem Change 248 Natural Events and Ecosystems 249 Personal Progress Check

250 Concept Explanation 251 Visual Representations 252 Questions and Methods 253 Representing and Describing Data 254 Statistical Tests and Data Analysis 255 Argumentation