| |
 |
|
| Microbiology & Biotechnology |
Microorganisms and Biotechnology
Microbial Groups
Features of Microbial Groups
The Structure of Viruses
Replication in Bacteriophages
Replication in Animal Viruses
Bacterial Cells
Growth in Bacterial Populations
Review of Bacterial Structure
Antimicrobial Drugs
Antibiotic Resistance
Evolution in Bacteria
Fungi
Techniques in Microbial Culture
Strain Isolation
Serial Dilution
Uses of Microorganisms
|
Energy Resources
Sewage Treatment
Industrial Microbiology
Industrial Production of Enzymes
Putting Enzymes to Work
Applications of Enzymes
White Wine Production
Red Wine Production
Beer Brewing
Bread Making
Cheese Making
Yoghurt Making
Cloning and Cell Culture
Plant Tissue Culture
Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering
Xenotransplantation
|
Cloning by Embryo Splitting
Cloning by Nuclear Transfer
The Human Cloning Debate
Genetic Manipulation
The Nature of GMOs
Restriction Enzymes
Ligation
Gel Electrophoresis
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Gene Cloning Using Plasmids
Transgenic Organisms
Genetically Modified Plants
Using Recombinant Bacteria
The Ethics of GMO Technology
Biotechnology in Medicine
Production of Human Proteins
|
Monoclonal Antibodies
Types of Vaccines
Edible Vaccines
Gene Therapy
Vectors for Gene Therapy
Gene Delivery Systems
Genome Research
Manual DNA Sequencing
Automated DNA Sequencing
Genome Analysis
DNA Profiling Using PCR
DNA Profiling Using Probes
DNA Chips
Investigating Genetic Biodiversity
The Human Genome Project
Genome Projects |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| Health & Disease |
Defence and the Immune System
Targets for Defence
Blood Group Antigens
Blood Clotting and Defence
The Body’s Defences
The Action of Phagocytes
Inflammation
Fever
The Lymphatic System
The Immune System
Antibodies
Acquired Immunity
Allergies and Hypersensitivity
Autoimmune Diseases
Non-Infectious Disease
Health vs Disease
Diseases Caused by Smoking
Cardiovascular Disease
|
Degenerative Disease
Cancer
Breast Cancer
Dietary Disorders
Deficiency Diseases
Control of Blood Glucose
Diabetes Mellitus
Visual Defects
Substance Abuse
Inherited Metabolic Disorders
The Fate of Conceptions
Genetic Disorders
Infectious Disease
Infection and Disease
The Role of Health Statistics
Transmission of Disease
Patterns of Disease
Bacterial Diseases
Tuberculosis
|
Foodborne Disease
Cholera
Fungal Diseases
Protozoan Diseases
Malaria
Multicellular Parasites
The Schistosoma Parasite
Hookworm Infection
Viral diseases
HIV and AIDS
Epidemiology of AIDS
Prion diseases
Emerging diseases
Preventing and Treating Disease
Prenatal Diagnosis of Disease
Postnatal Testing
Genetic Counselling
Diagnosing Medical Problems
|
The Control of Disease
A Balanced Diet
The Effects of Exercise
Antimicrobial Drugs
Monoclonal Antibodies
Immunisation
Types of Vaccine
Edible Vaccines
The Search for Blood Substitutes
The Human Genome Project
Gene Therapy
Vectors for Gene Therapy
Gene Delivery Systems
Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering
Correcting Heart Problems
Organ Transplants
Kidney Dialysis |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| Skills in Biology |
Biological Investigations
Terms and Notation
The Scientific Method
A Guide to Research Projects
Choosing Your Topic
Hypotheses and Predictions
Planning an Investigation
Designing Your Experiment
Recording Results
Tables and Graphs
Transforming Raw Data
Types of Graphs
Drawing Bar Graphs
Drawing Histograms
Drawing Pie Graphs
Drawing Kite Graphs
Drawing Scatter Plots
Drawing Line Graphs
Interpreting Line Graphs
Taking the Next Step
Descriptive Statistics
|
The Reliability of the Mean
Linear Regression
Non-linear Regression
The Student’s t Test
Student’s t Test Exercise
Comparing More Than Two Groups
Analysis of Variance
Using the Chi-squared
Test in Ecology
Chi-squared Exercise in Ecology
Using the Chi-squared
Test in Genetics
Chi-squared exercise
in Genetics
The Structure of a Report
Writing the Methods
Writing Your Results
Writing Your Discussion
Report Checklist
Citing and Listing References
|
Field Studies
Sampling Populations
Designing Your Field Study
Monitoring Physical Factors
Quadrat Sampling
Quadrat-Based Estimates
Sampling a Leaf Litter Population
Transect Sampling
Sampling Animal Populations
Mark and Recapture Sampling
Indirect Sampling
Sampling Using Radio-tracking
Classification of Organisms
The New Tree of Life
New Classification Schemes
Features of Taxonomic Groups
Classification System
Classification Keys
The Classification of Life
Features of the Five Kingdoms
|
Features of Microbial Groups
Features of Animal Taxa
Features of Fungi and Plants
Laboratory Techniques
Biological Drawings
Optical Microscopes
Electron Microscopes
Interpreting Electron Micrographs
Identifying Cell Structures
Biochemical Tests
Differential Centrifugation
x
Gel Electrophoresis
Analyzing a DNA Sample
Techniques in Microbial Culture
Strain Isolation
Serial Dilution
Plant Tissue Culture |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| Cell Biology & Biochemistry |
Molecules of Life
The biochemical nature of the cell
Biological molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Amino acids
Proteins
Modification of proteins
Biochemical tests
Enzymes
Enzyme reaction rates
Enzyme cofactors and inhibitors
Cell Structure
The Cell theory
Characteristics of life
Types of Living Things
|
Cell sizes
Cellular Environments
Optical Microscopes
Electron Microscopes
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
Bacterial Cells
Fungal cells
Unicellular Eukaryotes
Types of cells
Review of Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Structure and organelles
Interpreting Electron Micrographs
Identifying Cell Structures
Differential centrifugation
Plant cell specialisation
Human cell specialisation
Levels of Organisation
|
Cell Membranes and Transport
Cell processes
The Structure of Membranes
The Role of membranes in cells
Active and passive transport
Diffusion
Osmosis and Water Potential
Limitations to cell size
Ion pumps
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Cellular Energetics
Energy in Cells
The role of ATP in cells
Cellular respiration
Measuring respiration
The biochemistry of respiration
Anaerobic pathways
|
Photosynthesis
The biochemistry of photosynthesis
Pigments and light absorption
Photosynthetic rate
Events in Biochemistry
Processes in the Nucleus
DNA Molecules
The role of DNA in cells
DNA Replication
Cell Division
Mitosis and the cell cycle
Root cell Development
Differentiation of human cells
Meiosis
The Genetic code
Index |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| Genes and Inheritance |
Molecular Genetics
The Role of DNA in Cells
Nucleic Acids
DNA Molecules
The Genetic Code
Creating a DNA Model
DNA Replication
The Simplest Case:
Genes to Proteins
Analysing a
DNA Sample
Gene Expression
Transcription
Translation
Protein Synthesis
Control of Gene Expression
Metabolic Pathways
Gene Control in Prokaryotes
Gene Control in Eukaryotes
Defective Gene Regulation
The Role of
Genes
in Development
|
Genes and Chromosomes
Genomes
Eukaryote Chromosome Structure
Karyotypes
Human Karyotype Exercise
Genome Projects
The Human Genome Project
Sources of Genetic Variation
Gene-Environment Interactions
Cell Division
Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
Meiosis
Crossing Over
Crossing Over Problems
Linkage
Recombination
Chromosome Mapping
Mutations
The Effect of Mutations
Mutagens
For Harm or Benefit?
|
Gene Mutations
Point Mutation Problems
Examples of Gene Mutations
Sickle Cell Mutation
Cystic Fibrosis Mutation
Genetic Counselling
Chromosome Mutations
Antibiotic Resistance
Aneuploidy in Humans
Aneuploidy in Sex Chromosomes
Trisomy in Human Autosomes
Polyploidy
The Fate of Conceptions
Inheritance
Alleles
Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiments
Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
Basic Genetic Crosses
Monohybrid Cross
Dominance of Alleles
Multiple Alleles in Blood Groups
Dihybrid Cross
|
Dihybrid Cross with Linkage
Lethal Alleles
Using Chi-Squared in Genetics
Chi-Squared Exercise
Human Genotypes
Sex Linkage
The Advantages of Sex
Inheritance Patterns
Pedigree Analysis
Interactions Between Genes
Collaboration
Complementary Genes
Polygenes
Epistasis
Inheritance in Domestic Cats
What Genotype has that Cat?
Summary of Gene Interactions
Genomic Imprinting
Problems in Mendelian Genetics
Artificial Selection
The Domestication of Wheat
Sex Determination |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| Ecology |
Ecosystems
Biomes
Components of an Ecosystem
Habitats
Law of Tolerances
Dingo Habitats
Physical Factors and Gradients
Community Change With Altitude
Shoreline Zonation
Stratification in a Forest
Ecological Niche
Ecological Niches
Adaptations to Niche
Competition and Niche Size
Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycles
Energy in Ecosystems
Plant Productivity
Food Chains
Pesticides and Bioaccumulation
|
Constructing a Food Web
Dingo Food Webs
Energy Inputs and Outputs
Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
Ecological Pyramids
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
The Water Cycle
The Dynamics of Populations
Features of Populations
Density and Distribution
Population Regulation
Population Growth
Life Tables and Survivorship
Survivorship Curves
Population Growth Curves
Growth in a Bacterial Population
r and K Selection
Population Age Structure
|
Species Interactions
Predator-Prey Strategies
Niche Differentiation
Interspecific Competition
Intraspecific Competition
Predator-Prey Interactions
Practical Ecology
Sampling Populations
Designing Your Field Study
Monitoring Physical Factors
Indirect Sampling
Quadrat Sampling
Quadrat-Based Estimates
Sampling a Leaf Litter Population
Transect Sampling
Mark and Recapture Sampling
Sampling Animal Populations
Sampling Using Radio-tracking
Monitoring Change in an Ecosystem
|
Using Chi-Squared in Ecology
Classification
Features of Taxonomic Groups
Features of the Five Kingdoms
Features of Microbial Groups
Features of Macrofungi and Plants
Features of Animal Taxa
Classification System
Classification Keys
Keying Out Plant Species
Changes in Ecosystems
Environmental Change
Ecosystem Stability
Ecological Succession
Wetland Succession
Pollution
Global Warming
Loss of Biodiversity |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| Human Evolution |
The Primates
Prosimians and Tarsiers
New World/Old World Monkeys
Apes and Hominids
Identifying Primates
General Primate Characteristics
Primate Skull Features
Primate Classification
Physical Features of Primates
Primate Niches
Primate Behaviour
Primate Behaviour study
Adaptive radiation in Primates
Ancestors of modern apes
|
Hominin Evolution
Human Characteristics
Human Skull Anatomy
Hominin Evolution
Hominin Skull Identification
The Emerging View
Human Evolutionary Models
Hominin Data Sheets
The Early Hominins of Africa
Australopithecus afarensis/africanus
Paranthropus robustus/boisei
Homo habilis/ergaster
Homo erectus
(asia)/archaic H.sapiens
|
H antecessor/ H. floresiensis
Homo neanderthalensis/H.s
The Origin of Modern Humans
Distinguishing features of hominins
Bipedalism and Nakedness
Adaptations for Bipedalism
The Development of intelligence
(the brain)
Dating Fossils
Dating a Fossil Site
|
Cultural Evolution
Cultural Evolution
Palaeolithic Tool Cultures
Palaeolithic Tool Use
Social development
Art and Spirituality
Mesolithic and Neolithic Cultures
Bronze Age Culture
Recent Cultural Evolution
Present and Future Human Evolution
Trends in human evolution |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| Environmental Science |
The Earth's Systems
The Earth's History
The Fossil Record
Fossil formation
The Earth and the Sun
The Earth's crust
Plate Boundaries
The Rock Cycle
Soil dynamics
Atmosphere and climate
Variation and Oscillation
Ocean circulation and currents
Global water resources
Water use
Ecosystems
Components of an Ecosystem
Biomes
Physical factors and gradients
Habitat
Ecological niche
Energy inputs and outputs
Food chains and webs
Energy flow in an ecosystem
|
Ecological pyramids
The productivity of ecosystems
The carbon cycle
The nitrogen cycle
The water cycle
The phosphorus cycle
The sulfur cycle
Environmental change
Ecosystem stability
Ecological succession
Populations
Features of populations
Density and distribution
Population regulation
Population growth
Life tables and survivorship
Survivorship curves
Population growth curves
Population age structure
World population growth
Humans and resources
r and K selection
Species interactions
|
Interspecific competition
Intraspecific competition
Investigating Ecosystems
Sampling populations
Monitoring physical factors
Quadrat sampling
Quadrat-Based Estimates
Sampling a leaf litter population
Transect sampling
Mark and recapture sampling
Sampling animal populations
Indirect Sampling
Monitoring Changes in ecosystems
Land, water and energy
The Importance of Plants
Global human nutrition
The green revolution
Soil degradation
Pest control
Cereal crop production
The Impact of farming
Sustainable Agriculture
|
Energy resources
Biofuels
Energy conservation
Ecological Impacts of Fishing
Fisheries management
Pollution and Global Change
Types of pollution
Water pollution
Sewage treatment
Waste management
Atmospheric pollution
Global warming
Stratospheric ozone depletion
Acid rain
The economic impact of pollution
Loss of Biodiversity
Tropical Deforestation
The Impact of alien species
Endangered species
Conservation of African elephants
Nature reserves
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| Evolution |
The Origin and
Evolution of Life
Life in the Universe
The Origin of Life on Earth
Prebiotic Experiments
The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
The History of Life on Earth
Fossil Formation
The Fossil Record
Dating Fossils
DNA Hybridisation
Immunological Studies
Other Evidence for Evolution
The Evolution of Novel Forms
Comparative Anatomy
Vestigial Organs
Biogeographical Evidence
Oceanic Island Colonisers
Continental Drift and Evolution |
Mechanisms of Evolution
Genes and Evolution
Adaptations and Fitness
The Modern Theory of Evolution
Darwin’s Theory
Natural Selection
Selection for Human Birth Weight
Industrial Melanism
Heterozygous Advantage
Sexual Selection
Darwin’s Finches
Gene Pools and Evolution
Gene Pool Exercise
Population Genetics Calculations
Analysis of a Squirrel Gene Pool
Changes in a Gene Pool
The Founder Effect
Population Bottlenecks
Genetic Drift |
Artificial Selection
Polyploidy in the Evolution of Wheat
The Species Concept
Reproductive Isolation
Allopatric Speciation
Sympatric Speciation
Evolution in Bacteria
Stages in Species Development
The Species Life Cycle
Patterns of Evolution
Patterns of Evolution
The Rate of Evolutionary Change
Homologous Structures
Convergent Evolution
Coevolution
Pollination Syndromes
Geographical Distribution
|
Adaptive Radiation in Mammals
Adaptive Radiation in Ratites
Origin of New Zealand Parrots
Adaptive Radiation in Wrens
Evolution in Springtails
Ancient New Zealand Landscapes
Evolution in NZ Invertebrates
Evolution in Hebe
Extinction
Causes of Mass Extinctions |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
